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CITATIONS
Click on a topic below for the research articles used to create content for the video.
Social Exclusion
Angermeier, W.F., Schaul, L.T., & James, W.T. (1959). Social conditioning in rats. Journal of Comparative & Physiological Psychology, 52, 370-372.
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Ciarocco, N. J., Sommer, K. L., & Baumeister, R. F. (2001). Ostracism and Ego Depletion: The Strains of Silence. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(9), 1156–1163.
Deckman, T., DeWall, C.N., Way, B., Gilman, R., & Richman, S. (2014). Can marijuana reduce social pain? Social Psychological and Personality Science, 5 (2), 131-139.
DeWall, C.N., & Baumeister, R.F. (2006). Alone but feeling no pain: Effects of social exclusion on physical pain tolerance and pain threshold, affective forecasting, and interpersonal empathy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 1-15.
DeWall, C.N., Maner, J.K., & Rouby, D.A. (2009). Social exclusion and early-stage interpersonal perception: Selective attention to signs of acceptance following social exclusion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96, 729-741.
DeWall, C.N. (2010). Forming a basis for acceptance: Excluded people form attitudes to agree with potential affiliates. Social Influence, 5, 245-260.
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Einon, D.F., Morgan, M.J., & Kibbler, C.C. (1978). Brief periods of socialization and later behavior in rats. Developmental Psychobiology, 11, 213-225.
Eisenberger, N.I., Lieberman, M.D., & Williams, K.D. (2003). Does rejection hurt? An fMRI study of social exclusion. Science, 302, 290-292.
Evans, M.J., Duvel, A., Funk, M.L., Lehman, B., Sparrow, J., Watson, N.T., & Neuringer, A. (1994). Social reinforcement of operant behavior in rats: a methodological note. Journal of Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 62, 149-156.
Gardner, W.L., Pickett, C.L., & Brewer, M.B. (2000). Social exclusion and selective memory: how the need to belong affects memory of social information. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 486-496.
Gonsalkorale, K. & Williams, K.D. (2007). The KKK won’t let me play: Ostracism even by a despised outgroup hurts. European Journal of Social Psychology, 37, 1176-1186.
Hartgerink, C.H.J., van Beest, I., Wicherts, J.M., Williams, K.D. (2015). The Ordinal Effects of Ostracism: A Meta-Analysis of 120 Cyberball Studies. PLoS ONE 10(5): e0127002.
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Maner, J.K., DeWall, C.N., Baumeister, R.F., & Schaller, M. (2007). Does social exclusion motivate interpersonal reconnection? Resolving the “porcupine” problem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 42-55.
Pickett, C.L., Gardner, W.L., & Knowles, M. (2004). Getting a cue: the need to belong and enhanced sensitivity to social cues. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 1095-1107.
Powers, K.E. & Heatherton, T.F. (2012). Characterizing social avoidant and affiliative responses to social exclusion. Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience, 6 (46), 1-5.
Riva, P., Montali, L., Wirth, J.H., Curioni, S., & Williams, K.D. (2017). Chronic social exclusion and evidence for the resignation stage: An empirical investigation. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 34(4), 541-564.
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Trezza, V., Damsteegt, R., Achterberg, E.J., & Vanderschuren, M. J. (2011). Nucleus accumbens μ-opiod receptors mediate social reward. The Journal of Neuroscience, 31 (17), 6362-6370.
Twenge, J.M., Catanese, K.R., & Baumeister, R.F. (2002). Social exclusion causes self-defeating behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 605-615.
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Williams, K.D., Cheung, C.K.T., & Choi, W. (2000). Cyberostracism: Effects of being ignored over the internet. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 748-762.
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Cognitive Dissonance
Aronson, E. (1969). The theory of cognitive dissonance: A current perspective. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 4, pp. 1-34). New York: Academic Press.
Aronson, E. (1997). The theory of cognitive dissonance: The evolution and vicissitudes of an idea. In C. McGarty & S.A. Haslam (Eds.), The message of social psychology: Perspectives on mind in society (pp.20-35). Malden, MA: Blackwell.
College Board. (1976-77). Student descriptive questionnaire. Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service.
Croyle, R.T., & Jemmott, J.B., III. (1990). Psychological reactions to risk factor testing. In J.A. Skelton & R.T. Croyle (Eds.), The mental representation of health and illness (pp. 121-157). New York: Springer-Verlag.
Edwards, K. & Smith, E. (1996). A disconfirmation bias in the evaluation of arguments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 5-24.
Eiser, J.R., Sutton, S.R., & Wober, M. (1979). Smoking, seat-belts, and beliefs about health. Addictive Behaviors, 4, 331-338.
Festinger, L. (1956). When prophecy fails. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Festinger, L. (1957). The theory of cognitive dissonance. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Fischer, P., & Greitemeyer, T. (2010). A new look at selective-exposure effects: An integrative model. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 19, 384-389.
Gal, D. & Rucker, D.D. (2010). When in doubt, shout! Paradoxical influence of doubt on proselytizing. Psychological Science, 21, 1701-1707.
Harmon-Jones, E. (2010). Decisions, actions, and neuroscience: A contemporary perspective on cognitive dissonance. In M.H. Gonzales, C. Tavris, & J. Aronson (Eds.), The scientist and the humanist: A festschrift in honor of Elliott Aronson (pp. 109-131). New York: Psychology Press.
Hart, W., Albarracin, D., Eagly, A.H., Brechan, I., Lindberg, M.J., & Merrill, L. (2009). Feeling validated versus being correct: A meta-analysis of selective exposure to information. Psychological Bulletin, 135, 555-588.
Jones, E.E. (1990). Constrained behavior and self-concept change. In J.M. Olsen & M.P. Zanna (Eds.), Self-inference processes: The Ontario Symposium (vol. 6, pp.69-86). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Kassarjian, H., & Cohen, J. (1965). Cognitive dissonance and consumer behavior. California Management Review, 8, 55-64.
Kleinjan, M., van den Eijnden, R.J., & Engels, R.C. (2009). Adolescents’ rationalizations to continue smoking: The disengagement beliefs and nicotine dependence in smoking cessation. Addictive Behaviors, 34, 440-445.
Kunda, Z. (1990). The case for motivated reasoning. Psychological Bulletin, 108, 480-498.
Larwood, L. & Whittacker, W. (1977). Managerial myopia: Self-serving biases in organizational planning. Journal of Applied Psychology, 62, 194-198.
Ledgerwood, A., Madisodza, A.N., Jost, J.T., & Pohl, M.J. (2011). Working for the system: Motivated defense of meritocratic beliefs. Social Cognition, 29, 322-340.
Lord, C.G., Ross, L. & Lepper, M. (1979. Biased assimilation and attitude polarization: The effects of prior theories on subsequently considered evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 2098-2109.
McConnell, A.R., & Brown, C.M. (2010). Dissonance averted: Self-concept organization moderates the effect of hypocrisy on attitude change. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46, 361-366.
Munro, G.D., Ditto, P.H., Lockhart, L.K., Fagerlin, A., Gready, M., & Peterson, E. (2002). Biased assimilation of socio-political arguments: Evaluating the 1996 U.S. presidential political arguments. Basic & Applied Social Psychology, 24, 15-26.
Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Ross, L. (2010). Dealing with conflict: Experiences and experiments. In M.H. Gonzales, C. Tavris, & J. Aronson (Eds.), The scientist and the humanist: a festschrift in honor of Elliott Aronson (pp. 39-66). New York: Psychology Press.
Steele, C.M. (1988). The psychology of self-affirmation: Sustaining the integrity of the self. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 21, pp.261-302). New York: Academic Press.
Svenson, O. (1981). Are we all less risky and more skillful that our fellow drivers? Acta Psychologica, 47, 143-148.
Sweeny, K., Melnyk, D., Miller, W., & Shepperd, J.A. (2010). Information avoidance: Who, what, when, and why. Review of General Psychology, 14, 340-353.
Tavris, C. & Aronson, E. (2007). Mistakes were made (but not by me): Why we justify foolish beliefs, bad decisions, and hurtful acts. New York: Harcourt.
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Social Comparison
Aspinwall, L.G., & Taylor, S.E. (1993). Effects of social comparison direction, threat, and self-esteem on affect, evaluation, and expected success. Journal of Social and Personality Psychology, 64, 708-722.
Bauer, I., & Wrosch, C. (2011). Making up for lost opportunities: The protective role of downward comparisons for coping with the regrets across adulthood. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37, 218-228.
Blanton, H., Buunk, B.P.., Gibbons, F.X., & Kuyper, H. (1999). When better-than-others compare upward: Choice of comparison and comparative evaluation as independent predictors of academic performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 420-430.
Brewer, M.B. (1991). "The social self: On being the same and different at the same time". Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17, 475–482.
Buunk, A., & Gibbons, F. (2007). Social comparison: The end of a theory and the emergence of a field. Organizational Behavior and Human Development Processes, 102, 3-21.
Chambers, J.R., & Windschitl, P.D. (2009). Evaluating one performance among others: The influence of rank and degree of exposure to comparison referents. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 35, 776-792.
Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7, 117-140.
Guenther, C.L., & Alicke, M.D. (2010). Deconstructing the better-than-average effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99, 755-770.
Helgeson, V.S. & Mickleson, K.D. (1995). Motives for social comparison. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 1200-1209.
Lockwood, P., & Kunda, Z. (1997). Superstars and me: Predicting the impact of role models on the self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(1), 91–103. https://doi-org.proxyiub.uits.iu.edu/10.1037/0022-3514.73.1.91
Lockwood, P., & Kunda, Z. (2000). Outstanding role models: Do they inspire or demoralize us? In A. Tesser, R. B. Felson, & J. M. Suls (Eds.), Psychological perspectives on self and identity (p. 147–171). American Psychological Association. https://doi-org.proxyiub.uits.iu.edu/10.1037/10357-006
Lockwood, P., & Kunda, Z. (1999). Increasing the salience of one's best selves can undermine inspiration by outstanding role models. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(2), 214–228. https://doi-org.proxyiub.uits.iu.edu/10.1037/0022-3514.76.2.214
McGuire, W.J. & McGuire, C.V. (1981). The spontaneous self-concept as affected by personal distinctiveness. In M.D. Lynch, A.A. Norem-Hebeisen, & K.J. Gergen (Eds.), Self-concept: Advances in theory and research (pp. 147-171). Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
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Mussweiler, T., Gabriel, S., & Bodenhausen, G.V. (2000). Shifting social identities as a strategy for deflecting threatening social comparisons. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(3), 398-409.
Mussweiler, T., Ruter, K., & Epstude, K. (2004). The ups and downs of social comparison: Mechanisms of assimilation and contrast. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 832-844.
Suls, J.M. & Fletcher, B. (1983). Social comparison in the social and physical sciences: An archival study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 575-580.
Suls, J.M. & Miller, R.L. (Eds.). (1977). Social comparison processes: Theoretical and empirical perspectives. Washington, DC: Hemisphere/Halstead.
Suls, J.M. & Wheeler (Eds.). (2000). Handbook of social comparison: Theory and research. New York: Kluwer/Plenum.
Suls, J.M., Martin, R., & Wheeler, L. (2002). Social comparison: Why, with whom, and with what effect? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11, 159-163.
Tajfel, H.& Turner, J.C. (1986). "The social identity theory of intergroup behavior". In S. Worchel & W.G. Austin (Eds.), Psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 7–24). Chicago: Nelson-Hall.
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Wehrens, M.J.P.W., Kuyper, H., Dijkstra, P., Buunk, A.P., & Van Der Werf, M.P.C. (2010). The long-term effect of social comparison on academic performance. European Journal of Social Psychology, 40(7), 1158-1171.
Stereotype & Prejudice (Part 1)
Brewer, M.B. (1988). A dual process model of impression formation. In T. Srull & R. Wyer (Eds.), Advances in social cognition (vol. 1, pp. 177-183). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Campbell, D.T. (1963). Social attitudes and other acquired behavioral dispositions. In S. Koch (Ed.), Psychology: A study of a science (vol. 6, pp.94-172). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Eagly, A. H., Makhijani, M. G., & Klonsky, B. G. (1992). Gender and the evaluation of leaders: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 111(1), 3.
Eagly, A. H., & Mladinic, A. (1989). Gender stereotypes and attitudes toward women and men. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 15(4), 543-558.
Fazio, R. H., & Olson, M. A. (2003). Implicit measures in social cognition research: Their meaning and use. Annual review of psychology, 54(1), 297-327.
Glick, P., Fiske, S. T., Mladinic, A., Saiz, J. L., Abrams, D., Masser, B., ... & Annetje, B. (2000). Beyond prejudice as simple antipathy: hostile and benevolent sexism across cultures. Journal of personality and social psychology, 79(5), 763.
Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. L. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: the implicit association test. Journal of personality and social psychology, 74(6), 1464.
Hamilton, D. L. (1981). Stereotyping and intergroup behavior: Some thoughts on the cognitive approach. Cognitive processes in stereotyping and intergroup behavior, 333-353.
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Moss-Racusin, C. A., Dovidio, J. F., Brescoll, V. L., Graham, M. J., & Handelsman, J. (2012). Science faculty’s subtle gender biases favor male students. Proceedings of the national academy of sciences, 109(41), 16474-16479.
Nosek, B. A., Smyth, F. L., Sriram, N., Lindner, N. M., Devos, T., Ayala, A., ... & Kesebir, S. (2009). National differences in gender–science stereotypes predict national sex differences in science and math achievement. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(26), 10593-10597.
Rudman, L. A. (2005). Rejection of women? Beyond prejudice as antipathy. On the nature of prejudice: Fifty years after Allport, 106-120.
Ryan, C. S. (1996). Accuracy of Black and White college students' in-group and out-group stereotypes. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22(11), 1114-1127.
Smith, E.R. & Ho, C. (1999). Prejudice as intergroup emotion: Integrating relative deprivation and social comparison explanations of prejudice. In I. Walker & H. Smith (Eds.), Relative deprivation: Specification, development, and integration. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
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Stereotypes & Prejudice (Part 2)
Allport, G. W., Clark, K., & Pettigrew, T. (1954). The nature of prejudice.
Ashburn-Nardo, L., Knowles, M. L., & Monteith, M. J. (2003). Black Americans' implicit racial associations and their implications for intergroup judgment. Social Cognition, 21(1), 61-87.
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Blair, I. V., Ma, J. E., & Lenton, A. P. (2001). Imagining stereotypes away: the moderation of implicit stereotypes through mental imagery. Journal of personality and social psychology, 81(5), 828.
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Bodenhausen, G. V., & Lichtenstein, M. (1987). Social stereotypes and information-processing strategies: The impact of task complexity. Journal of personality and social psychology, 52(5), 871.
Correll, J., Park, B., Judd, C. M., & Wittenbrink, B. (2002). The police officer's dilemma: Using ethnicity to disambiguate potentially threatening individuals. Journal of personality and social psychology, 83(6), 1314.
Correll, J., Park, B., Judd, C. M., Wittenbrink, B., Sadler, M. S., & Keesee, T. (2007). Across the thin blue line: police officers and racial bias in the decision to shoot. Journal of personality and social psychology, 92(6), 1006.
Correll, J., Hudson, S. M., Guillermo, S., & Ma, D. S. (2014). The police officer's dilemma: A decade of research on racial bias in the decision to shoot. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 8(5), 201-213.
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Deaux, K., & Emswiller, T. (1974). Explanations of successful performance on sex-linked tasks: What is skill for the male is luck for the female. Journal of personality and social psychology, 29(1), 80.
Devine, P. G. (1989). Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components. Journal of personality and social psychology, 56(1), 5.
Dijker, A. J. (1987). Emotional reactions to ethnic minorities. European Journal of Social Psychology, 17(3), 305-325.
Dovidio, J. F., Kawakami, K., & Gaertner, S. L. (2002). Implicit and explicit prejudice and interracial interaction. Journal of personality and social psychology, 82(1), 62.
Fiske, S. T., & Neuberg, S. L. (1990). A continuum of impression formation, from category-based to individuating processes: Influences of information and motivation on attention and interpretation. In Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 23, pp. 1-74). Academic Press.
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Green, A. R., Carney, D. R., Pallin, D. J., Ngo, L. H., Raymond, K. L., Iezzoni, L. I., & Banaji, M. R. (2007). Implicit bias among physicians and its prediction of thrombolysis decisions for black and white patients. Journal of general internal medicine, 22(9), 1231-1238.
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Johnston, L. C., & Macrae, C. N. (1994). Changing social stereotypes: The case of the information seeker. European Journal of Social Psychology, 24(5), 581-592.
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Mackie, D. M., & Hamilton, D. L. (Eds.). (2014). Affect, cognition and stereotyping: Interactive processes in group perception. Academic Press.
Macrae, C. N., Bodenhausen, G. V., Milne, A. B., Thorn, T. M., & Castelli, L. (1997). On the activation of social stereotypes: The moderating role of processing objectives. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 33(5), 471-489.
Manis, M., Nelson, T. E., & Shedler, J. (1988). Stereotypes and social judgment: Extremity, assimilation, and contrast. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55(1), 28.
Payne, B. K. (2001). Prejudice and perception: the role of automatic and controlled processes in misperceiving a weapon. Journal of personality and social psychology, 81(2), 181.
Rodin, M. J. (1987). Who is memorable to whom: A study of cognitive disregard. Social Cognition, 5(2), 144-165.
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Smith, E. R., & Mackie, D. M. (2015) Social psychology (4th edition). Philadelphia: Psychology Press.
Smith, E. R., Miller, D. A., Maitner, A. T., Crump, S. A., Garcia-Marques, T., & Mackie, D. M. (2006). Familiarity can increase stereotyping. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42(4), 471-478.
Turner, R. N., Crisp, R. J., & Lambert, E. (2007). Imagining intergroup contact can improve intergroup attitudes. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 10(4), 427-441.
Wolsko, C., Park, B., Judd, C. M., & Bachelor, J. (2003). Intergroup contact: Effects on group evaluations and perceived variability. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 6(1), 93-110.
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Online Behavior & Construal Level Theory
Allbritton, D. W., McKoon, G., & Ratcliff, R. (1996). Reliability of prosodic cues for resolving syntactic ambiguity. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 22, 714–735.
Archer, D., & Akert, R. M. (1977). Words and everything else: Verbal and nonverbal cues in social interpretation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 443–449.
Bar-Anan, Y., Liberman, N., Trope, Y., & Algom, D. (2007). Automatic processing of psychological distance: Evidence from a Stroop task. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 136, 610-622.
Bargh, J. A., & McKenna, K. Y. A. (2004). The internet and social life. Annual Review of Psychology, 55, 573–590.
Benet-Martinez, V. & John, O.P. (1998). Los Cinco Grandes across cultures and ethnic groups: Multitrait-multimethod analyses of the Big Five in Spanish and English. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75 (3), 729-750.
Bollinger, D.U. (2009). Use of visual cues in computer-mediated communication. The Quarterly Review of Distance Education, 10(2), 95-108.
Bradner, E. & Mark, G. (2002). Why distance matters: Effects on cooperation, persuasion and deception. In proceedings of CSCW, 226-235.
Christopherson, K.M. (2006). The positive and negative implications of anonymity in Internet social interactions: “On the Internet, nobody knows you’re a dog”. Computers in Human Behavior, 23, 3038-3056.
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